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G.C. da Silva, J.W.S.D. da Cunha, J. Dweck and J.C. Afonso, Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of iron and titanium by bis-(2-ethyl-hexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), Minerals Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 5, 2008

Venter, J.A., et al, Influence of surface effects on the electrostatic separation of zircon and rutile, Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, Vol.108, No.1, 2008

Pistorius, P.C., Ilmenite smelting: the basics, Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, Vol.108, No.1, 2008

Nell, J., Thorium in high-titania slag, Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy, Vol.108, No.1, 2008

Chun Li, Bin Liang and HaiYu Wang, Preparation of synthetic rutile by hydrochloric acid leaching of mechanically activated Panzhihua ilmenite, Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 91, No.1-4, 2008

B. Saensunon, G.A. Stewart and R. Pax, A combined ⁵⁷Fe-Mössbauer and X-ray diffraction study of the ilmenite reduction process in a commercial rotary kiln, International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol.86 No.1-4, 2008

V.M. Sokolov, V.D. Babyuk, Ye.A. Zhydkov and Yu.Ya. Skok, Aluminothermic studies of a liquid partial reduced ilmenite, Minerals Engineering, Vol.21 No.2, 2008

Y. Li and G.P. Demopoulos, Precipitation of nanosized titanium dioxide from aqueous titanium(IV) chloride solutions by neutralization with MgO, Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 90, No.1, 2008

Grey, I., et al, Hydrogen reduction of preoxidised ilmenite in fluidised bed and packed bed reactors, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. IMM C), Vol.116, No.4, 2007

Fouga, G.G., et al, The kinetics and mechanism of selective iron chlorination of an ilmenite ore, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. IMM C), Vol.116, No.4, 2007

Minghua Wang, Kee-Do Woo, In-Yong Kim, Woong-Ki and Zhitong Sui, Separation of Fe³⁺ during hydrolysis of TiO²⁺ by addition of EDTA , Hydrometallurgy, Vol.89 No.3-4, 2007

Chun Li, Bin Liang and Ling-hong Guo, Dissolution of mechanically activated Panzhihua ilmenites in dilute solutions of sulphuric acid, Hydrometallurgy, Vol.89 No.1-2, 2007

C. Sasikumar, D.S. Rao, S. Srikanth, N.K. Mukhopadhyay and S.P. Mehrotra, Dissolution studies of mechanically activated Manavalakurichi ilmenite with HCl and H₂SO₄, Hydrometallurgy, Vol.88 No.1-4, 2007

A. Orth, N. Anastasijevic and H. Eichberger, Low CO₂ emission technologies for iron and steelmaking as well as titania slag production, Minerals Engineering, Vol.20 No.9, 2007

Fisher-White, M.J., et al, Removal of chrome spinels from Murray Basin ilmenites by low temperature roasting, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. IMM C), Vol.116 No.2, 2007

L. Zhang, L.N. Zhang, M.Y. Wang, G.Q. Li and Z.T. Sui, Recovery of titanium compounds from molten Ti-bearing blast furnace slag under the dynamic oxidation condition, Minerals Engineering, Vol.20, No.7, 2007

N. El-Hazek, T.A. Lasheen, R. El-Sheikh and Salah A. Zaki, Hydrometallurgical criteria for TiO₂ leaching from Rosetta ilmenite by hydrochloric acid, Hydrometallurgy, Vol.87 No.1-2, 2007

Galgali, R.K., et al, In-flight thermal plasma processing of prereduced ilmenite to produce titania rich slag, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, Vol.46 No.1, 2007

Pourabdoli, et al, A new process for the production of ferrotitanium from titania slag, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, Vol.46 No.1, 2007

Brooks, G., et al, Challenges in light metals production, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. IMM C), Vol.116 No.1, 2007

V.V. Dabhade, T.R. Rama Mohan and P. Ramakrishnan, Nanocrystalline titanium powders by high energy attrition milling, Powder Technology, Vol.171 No.3, 2007

Satoshi, I., et al, Feasibility Study of the New Rutile Extraction Process from Natural Ilmenite Ore Based on the Oxidation Reaction, Metallurgical & Materials Transactions B, Vol.37B No.6, 2006

Y. Wang and Z. Yuan, Reductive kinetics of the reaction between a natural ilmenite and carbon, International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol.81 No.3, 2006

Mukherjee, P.S., et al, Effect of processing parameters on production of TiO₂ rich slag and iron from metallised ilmenite in a moving bed reactor, Minerals Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. IMM C) , Vol.115 No.4, 2006

Pownceby, M.I., and Fisher-White, M.J., Chemical variability in chrome spinel grains from magnetically fractionated ilmenite concentrates: implications for processing, Minerals Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (Trans. IMM C) , Vol.115 No.4, 2006

Chun Li, Bin Liang, Ling-hong Guo and Zi-bin Wu, Effect of mechanical activation on the dissolution of Panzhihua ilmenite, Minerals Engineering, Vol.19 No.14, 2006

Y. Liu, T. Qi, J. Chu, Q. Tong and Y. Zhang, Decomposition of ilmenite by concentrated KOH solution under atmospheric pressure, International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol.81 No.2, 2006

Gueguin, M., and Cardarelli, F., Chemistry and mineralogy of titania-rich slags. Part 1-hemo-ilmenite, sulphate, and upgraded titania slags, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, Vol.28 No.1, 2007

M.K. Sarker, A.K.M.B. Rashid and A.S.W. Kurny, Kinetics of leaching of oxidized and reduced ilmenite in dilute hydrochloric acid solutions, International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol.80 No.2-4, 2006

Gous, M., An overview of the Namakwa Sands ilmenite smelting operations, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol.106 No.6, 2006

C. Li, B. Liang and S.-P. Chen, Combined milling-dissolution of Panzhihua ilmenite in sulfuric acid, Hydrometallurgy, Vol.82 No.1-2, 2006

M.L. de Vries and I.E. Grey, Influence of Pressure on the Kinetics of Synthetic Ilmenite Reduction in Hydrogen, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol.37B No.2, 2006

Z. Yuan, X. Wang, C. Xu, W. Li and M. Kwauk, A new process for comprehensive utilization of complex titania ore, Minerals Engineering, Vol.19 No.9, 2006

Kotze, H., et al, Ilmenite smelting at Ticor SA, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol.106 No.3, 2006

Pistorius, P.C. and Fray, D.J., Formation of silicon by electro-deoxidation and implications for titanium metal production, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol.106 No.1, 2006

P.C. Pistorius, T. Motlhamme, Oxidation of high-titanium slags in the presence of water vapour, Minerals Engineering, Vol.19 No.3, 2006

J.H. Zietsman, P.C. Pistorius, Modelling of an ilmenite-smelting DC arc furnace process, Minerals Engineering, Vol.19 No.3, 2006

C.S. Kucukkaragoz, R.H. Eric, Solid state reduction of a natural ilmenite, Minerals Engineering, Vol.19 No.3, 2006

M. Pourabdoli, Sh. Raygan, H. Abdizadeh, K. Hanaei, Production of high titania slag by Electro-Slag Crucible Melting (ESCM) process , International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol.78 No.3, 2006

Fuwa, A., and Takaya, S., Producing titanium by reducing TiCl₄-MgCl₂ mixed salt with magnesium in the molten state. JOM, Vol.57 No.10, 2005

Fourie, D.J., et al, Calculation of FeO-TiO₂-Ti₂O₃ liquidus isotherms pertaining to high titania slags, Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol.105 No.10, 2005

D.R.E. Snoswell, J. Duan, D. Fornasiero, J. Ralston, The selective aggregation and separation of titania from a mixed suspension of silica and titania, International Journal of Mineral Processing, Vol.78 No.1, 2005

Liu, M., et al, An investigation into electrochemical reduction of TiO₂ pellet, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, Vol.114 No.2, 2005

de Villiers, J.P.R., et al, Disintegration in high grade titania slags: low temperature oxidation reactions and associated fracture mechanics of pseudobrookite, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, Vol.114 No.2, 2005

Zietsman, J.H., and Pistorius, P.C., Process mechanisms in ilmenite smelting. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol.105 No.4, 2005

D. Fontana, P. Kulkarni, L. Pietrelli, Extraction of titanium (IV) from acidic media by 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester Hydrometallurgy, Vol.77 No.3-4, 2005

B. Liang, C. Li, C. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Leaching kinetics of Panzhihua ilmenite in sulfuric acid, Hydrometallurgy, Vol.76 No.3-4, 2005

Premaratne, W., and Rowson, N.A., Recovery of titanium from beach sands by physical separation. European Journal of Mineral Processing and Environmental Protection, Vol.4 No.3, 2004

C. Sasikumar, D.S. Rao, S. Srikanth, B. Ravikumar, N.K. Mukhopadhyay, S.P. Mehrotra, Effect of mechanical activation on the kinetics of sulfuric acid leaching of beach sand ilmenite from Orissa, India. Hydrometallurgy, Vol.75 No.1-4, 2004

de Villiers, J.P.R., Verryn, S.M.C., and Fernandes, M.A., Disintegration in high-grade titania slags: low temperature oxidation reactions of ferro-pseudobrookite. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, Vol.113 No.2, 2004

Pistorius, P.C., Equilibrium interactions between freeze lining and slag in ilmenite smelting. J. South African IMM, Vol. 104 No 7 (2004)

Narayanan Remya P., Lakshmipathy Reddy M., Solvent extraction separation of titanium(IV), vanadium(V) and iron(III) from simulated waste chloride liquors of titanium minerals processing industry by the trialkylphosphine oxide Cyanex 923. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, Vol.79 No.7, 2004

Jasper, B. Prisbrey, K., Molecular mechanics of mechanochemical TiCl4 reduction in ball mills. Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, Vol.21 No.2, 2004

E. Sayan, M. Bayramoglu, Statistical modeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted sulfuric acid leaching of TiO2 from red mud. Hydrometallurgy, Vol.71 No.3-4, 2004

M.H.H. Mahmoud, A.A.I. Afifi, I.A. Ibrahim, Reductive leaching of ilmenite ore in hydrochloric acid for preparation of synthetic rutile. Hydrometallurgy, Vol.73 No.1-2, 2004

Premaratne, W.A.P.J., and Rowson, N.A., Development of a magnetic hydrocyclone separation for the recovery of titanium from beach sands. Physical Separation in Science and Engineering, Vol.12 No.4, 2003

Allen, N.R., The effect of roasting temperature on ilmenite particle rotation characteristics in a rotating magnetic field. Physical Separation in Science and Engineering, Vol.13, No.3, 2003

L.F. Vilches, C. Fernandez-Pereira, J. Olivares del Valle, J. Vale. Recycling potential of coal fly ash and titanium waste as new fireproof products. Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol.95 No.1-3, 2003

Fan, X. and Rowan, N. A., Surface Modification and Column Flotation of a Massive Ilmenite Ore. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, Vol. 41 No. 2, 2002

Grammatikopoulos, T., McKen, A., Hamilton, C., and Christiansen, O., Vanadium-bearing magnetite and ilmenite mineralization and beneficiation from the Sinarsuk V-Ti project, West Greenland. CIM Bulletin, Vol. 95 Number 1060, 2002

D.I. Hoyer, B.M. Mulvihill, G.J.C. Young. Hicom attritioning to remove alumina-silicate coatings on ilmenite sand grains. Minerals Engineering, Vol.14, No.7, 2001

Bruckard, W.J., Heyes, G.W., and Guy, P.J., Flotation and screening recovery of titanium minerals from a monazite mineral sands circuit. AusIMM Proceedings, Vol. 306 No. 1, 2001

Fan, X., Kelly, R.M., and Rowson, N.A., Effect of microwave radiation on ilmenite flotation. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, Vol. 39 No. 3, 2000

X Fan, NA Rowson. The effect of Pb(NO3)2 on ilmenite flotation. Minerals Engineering, Vol.13, No.2, 2000

HB Fadhel, C Frances. Investigations on ultra-fine grinding of titanium dioxide in a stirred media mill. Powder Technology, Vol.105 No.1-3, 1999

SM Bulatovic, DM Wyslouzil. Process development for treatment of complex perovskite, ilmenite and rutile ores. Minerals Engineering, Vol.12, No.12, 1999

QI Liu, Y Peng. The development of a composite collector for the flotation of rutile. Minerals Engineering, Vol.12, No.12, Nov.1999

Chernet, Tegist. Mineralogical and textural constraints on mineral processing of the Koivusaarenneva ilmenite ore, Ka"lvia", western Finland, Int. J. Mineral Processing, Vol.57, No.2, 1999

NJ Welham. Formation of TiB2 from rutile by room temperature ball milling. Minerals Engineering, Vol.12, No.10, 1999